HIV-AIDS in children

An estimated 40 million people globally are living with HIV. AIDS in children was first recognized in 1982. An increasing number of children are reporting with AIDS worldwide. AIDS is caused by a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which is a retrovirus.

HIV was discovered by Institute Pasteur of France and in 1985. A common misconception about HIV/AIDS is that it is only present in Africa and the US. The reality, however, is that HIV/AIDS is everywhere and can affect any race, sex, and culture. It is found that children who were openly living with HIV or AIDS were discriminated against at school, medical facilities, and they were lacking protection from families and the government. UNICEF found that mothers and fathers didn’t know if they were HIV positive or if their children were positive. The few families that did know thrived in their time of despair because they could get medication, administer the medication, and provide a solid base for their child. Unfortunately, most families affected by HIV/AIDS that know their child is positive hide the diagnosis from their friends and the child. So, most children do not even know that they are positive and pose a threat to spread the virus. One major problem, affecting children is mother-child transmission, 93% of cases looked at in this study were from this form of transmission.

Causes:

1. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is responsible for most paediatric HIV infections.

2. Exposure to the contaminated blood, blood products, infected needles & syringes.

3. Sexual abuse of children by the person infected with HIV.

4. Through the skin piercing procedures.

5. Through the blood transfusion or blood products that are contaminated.

Modes of HIV transmission to children

6. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) accounts for most HIV-infected children.

7. Sexual abuse: particularly in countries with a high level of child abuse, such as South Africa.

8. Transmission by blood transfusion: rare as long as transfused blood is carefully screened. There is a risk where the blood donor was in the window period.

9. Insufficiently sterilized instruments, traditional scarification.

10. Wet-nursing with HIV-contaminated breast milk.

Clinical manifestation seen in children

1. Repeated episodes of infections like Diarrhoea, Candidiasis, Upper respiratory tract infections

2. Generalized lymph – adenopathy other than inguinal

3. Failure to thrive

4. Neurological abnormalities like Delayed mile stones, Encephalopathy

5. Severe bacterial infections, especially if recurrent

6. Persistent or recurrent oral thrush

7. Bilateral painless parotid swelling

8. Hepatosplenomegaly

9. Persistent or recurrent fever

10. Herpes zoster – single dermatome

11. Persistent generalized dermatitis not responding to treatment

Signs and conditions very specific to HIV-infection

■ Pneumocytisis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP)

■ Oesophageal candidiasis

■ Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis

■ Invasive salmonella infection

■ Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis (LIP)

■ Herpes zoster affecting several dermatomes

■ Kaposi’s sarcoma

■ Lymphoma (not necessarily)

■ Rectovaginal or rectovesical fistula.

Management:

Nutrition

■ Eat small, regular meals 5–6 times per day.

■ Make the food look and taste good. Children who are sick have a poor appetite. Provide at least 1 fruit and 1 vegetable (not including potato) every day.

■ If there is space at home, plant a vegetable garden, so that vegetables are always available.

■ Early implementation

■ Enhance immune function

■ Maintain/improve growth

■ Improve quality of life

■ Provide preventive nutrition counseling:

Vitamin A-rich foods include:

- fortified maize meal and/or bread

- Carrots, sweet potato, mangoes and pawpaw

- Dark-green leafy vegetables e.g. Morogo / imifino and spinach

- Liver, eggs, full-cream milk and small fish

Iron-rich foods include:

- Dark-green leafy vegetables

- Legumes

- Germinated foods

- Meat, kidney, spleen, chicken

Good sources of antioxidants include:

- Vitamin C – berries, oranges, dark-green leafy vegetables

- Vitamin E – nuts, vegetable oils, rice, bran

- Selenium – nuts, grains, vegetables

■ Home-cooked food is better than pre-cooked food in tins or packets. These are expensive and may not be very healthy. Take-away foods like fried chicken are also expensive and not very healthy.

■ Sweets, chocolates and crisps are allowed but should not be eaten in place of food. If these snacks are eaten too often, the child will have no appetite for nutritious food like enriched pap, cereals, vegetables and meat.

■ Dry beans (sugar beans and brown beans) have a nutritional value similar to meat and should be eaten as often as possible.

■ Try to offer at least one portion per day of one of the following: fish, chicken, meat, dry beans, eggs, peanut butter.

■ Add margarine or fish oil when cooking the food.

■ Bread, pap, samp (dried corn kernels), rice, mealies(made from maize) or other cereal should be eaten as much as the child wants, provided they are mixed with one of the above and/or sour milk to increase the food value.

■ Children with a poor appetite should be encouraged to drink frequently during the day, for example, sour milk, milk, custard, yoghurt, soup or fruit juice.

■ Milk is an important part of the child’s diet. After 6 months, the child can drink boiled fresh milk (cows’ or goats’ milk). Children over 1 year of age should drink 2–3 glasses every day of fresh milk

or full-cream powdered milk.

■ To increase the nutritional value of soup, add some of the following: fish, oil, margarine, dry beans, meat or bones, milk or milk powder, vegetables.

■ To increase the nutritional value of porridge add some of the following: eggs, sugar, margarine or oil, peanut butter, sour milk or milk.

Treating Children with HIV/AIDS

Even when children are diagnosed with HIV, the barriers to treatment are significant. In the developing world, there is limited infrastructure and a lack of trained personnel to address the special needs of children. If special pediatric formulations are available, they are expensive and complex to use. In addition, children require a wide range of social services to ensure that they are able to live relatively normal lives.

General management

The decision to begin supportive (terminal) care is difficult and should be made on a case-by-case basis preferably by a team of professionals with the family’s involvement. Once this decision has been made, it should be clearly communicated to other health-care workers involved in the care of the child. This communication can take the form of a letter, which the family may be able to present to other health workers.

In managing HIV-positive children and their caregivers, apply the following principles, which are consistent with the practice of palliative care medicine:

§ Do not discriminate.

§ Be compassionate and show empathy.

§ Maintain confidentiality at all times.

§ Establish and maintain clear two-way communication between all levels of the health-care system (clinics and hospitals) regarding management of the child.

§ Involve all health-care personnel and parents/caregivers in important patient care decisions.

§ Pay attention to pain and suffering, and preserve quality of life for as long as possible, particularly in the later stages of the illness.

a) Use universal precaution measures to prevent infections.

b) General management is like other infectious diseases.

c) Hands should be washed before and after taking care of the patient.

d) Disposable gloves & plastic apron should be worn while handling blood or any blood stained fluids or contaminated equipments.

e) Protective mask should be used.

f) Do not cough or sneeze during any procedure.

g) Used needles should be discarded in a container that is puncture resistant & water proof.

h) The clinical specimen from patients, who are known cases of HIV, should be labeled with “risk of infection”.

i) Spillage of blood & body fluids should be covered with the disinfectant for few minutes & then cleaned.

Home care

o Home care of the terminally ill child should be encouraged if the parent(s) or caregiver(s) are able to care for the child at home.

o There should be no need for intravenous fluids or other intensive treatment.

o Reassure the parent(s)/caregiver(s) that the child has not been abandoned by the health service, and that they can re-visit the clinic and have the child readmitted to the hospital at any time.

o Discussions and decisions regarding the institution of home care should be clearly recorded in the child’s records.

o The possibility of chronic/terminal care at a hospice facility should be discussed with parent(s) / caregiver(s) if there are inadequate resources for the care of the child at home.

Prevention of paediatric HIV-infection

§ Prevention of primary infection

§ Reduce heterosexual transmission, ensuring that men are involved in these interventions to reduce the epidemic.

§ Prevent infection during pregnancy and lactation – educate men and women about the increased risk of HIV-infection during pregnancy and lactation.

§ Keep adolescent girls and boys in school with appropriate health/sexuality education.

§ Comprehensive management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Prevention of unintended pregnancies among HIV-infected women

§ Integration of family planning with the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme (PMTCT).

§ Counseling regarding the dual risk of unintended pregnancies and STIs and HIV.

Safer delivery technique

§ Most of the MTCT occurs during labour and delivery.

§ The risk is increased by prolonged rupture of membranes, assisted instrumental delivery, invasive monitoring procedures, episiotomy and prematurity.

§ Restrict suctioning of the baby to the presence of meconium-stained liquor.

§ The neonate should be dried carefully at birth.

§ Elective caesarean section reduces the MTCT risk appreciably, but is not recommended as a routine.

BANEESHYA.B

Nursing Tutor

A. J. School of Nursing

Kazhakkuttom

Job Description of Nursing Personnel in Various Posts

Objectives of the seminar

• - To learn the job description given to each nursing personnel in the Hospital, School / College of nursing, Community Health Nursing field etc.
• - To gain knowledge about various personnel in the health care department, their roles, qualification & years of experience needed etc.

Introduction

The nursing service department assigns job description for each category of nursing personnel.

Job descriptions are crucial for hiring and retaining the best workers. Often, employees are lead to believe a job is one thing only to be disappointed to find that the employment is not as satisfying and challenging. The result is an employee who is difficult to motivate.

One root cause is the job description originally drawn up the organization itself. It is important to do yearly job surveys in order to understand exactly what the employees are doing. What some managers fail to understand is that employee roles tend to change and morph according to their skills and talents as well as evolving workplace demands.

A job description is usually developed by conducting a job analysis, which includes examining the tasks and sequences of tasks necessary to perform the job. The analysis looks at the areas of knowledge and skills needed by the job. Note that a role is the set of responsibilities or expected results associated with a job. A job usually includes several roles.

Definition

• Job description is the description of the responsibilities associated with a given job.
• A job description is a list of the general tasks, or functions, and responsibilities of a position.

Purposes of a Job description

The objective of a job description is to have a clear outline of duties and responsibilities to make the screening process as direct and focused as possible.

Job descriptions may have the following elements:

§ Improvement cooperation by giving all members of the organization insight in existing responsibilities/roles

§ Enabling career moves within the organization

§ Determination of amount of pay per function

§ Increase of results by specification of responsibilities and key performance indicators

§ Development of job owner by specification of competences

§ May include the phrase "perform other duties as assigned"

How to Write a Job Description

Following is a quick look at the categories that make up a well-written job description:

• Title of the position
• Department
• Reports to (to whom the person directly reports)
• Overall responsibility
• Key areas of responsibility
• Consults with (those who the person works with on a regular basis)
• Term of employment
• Qualifications (necessary skills and experience required)

A sample format how to write a Job Description

JOB DESCRIPTION

Position title:

Reports to:

Supervises:

Grade:

Date:

I. Mission of the Department:

II. Major Functions:

1.

2.

III. Major Duties and Responsibilities:

1.

2.

3.

IV. Profile:

Required Qualifications:

1.

2.

Required Skills and Competencies:

1.

2.

Working Relationships:

External:

Internal:

STANDARD NORMS RECOMMENDED BY INC (NURSE : PATIENT RATIO)

1. General Ward

• a. 1:3 (Hospital attached with a school / college of nursing)
• b. 1: 5 (Hospital not attached with a school / college of nursing)

2. ICU / ICCU & other speciality :- 1:1 for 24 hours

3. Labour room : - 4 in each shift.

4. Operation theatre : - 3 for 24 hours per table.

5. Out – Patient department : - 1 in each clinic room of the OPD

6. Casualty & emergency : - 1:1 in each shift

7. Peadiatric unit : - 1:2 beds

8. And 30% leave reserve post of staff nurses should be maintained.

Every hospital should follow this protocol recommended by Indian Nursing Council.

NURSING SUPERINTENDENT / ASSISTANT NURSING SUPERINTENDENT:

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

b. General Nursing & Midwifery recognized by Indian Nursing Council / B.Sc Nursing recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms.

c. M. Sc Nursing, preferred

d. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

TOTAL YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Should have experience as the Nursing Supervisor.

JOB DESCRIPTION

She is responsible for administration & supervision of nursing services and patient care.

Lines of Authority:

She is directly responsible to the Nursing Service Administrator for the posting of nursing personnel management of the patient care in the hospital & improvement of nursing services and patient care.

She has indirect relationship with the hospital administrator / Medical Superintendent with whom she collaborates in the absence of nursing service administrator

She is responsible for the Assistant Superintendent & other nursing personnel for performance of their duties.

General Functions:

1. Assigns Nursing Personnel to the ward / Department in collaboration with Assistant Nursing Superintendent.

2. Manages the casual & earned leaves and arrange leave reserves.

3. She conducts ward rounds for implementing nursing service policies.

4. Maintains discipline of nursing staff & domestic staff of nurses’ hostel.

5. Manages the nurses’ accommodation and meals through the house keepers.

6. Investigates complaints and reports from the nursing personnel regarding the mess.

7. Maintains & develops office records pertinent to the administration of nursing services.

8. Writes confidential reports of nursing staff in collaboration with ward sister.

9. Notifies the nursing administrator regarding the special emergencies.

Supervisory Function:

(i) Establishing efficient nursing services.

(ii) Upkeep of hospital environment & cleanliness through the sanitation department.

(iii) Promotion of good interpersonal relationship between all categories of staff.

(iv) Encouraging and supervising incidental teaching in order to maintain high standard of patient care.

(v) Encouraging the nursing personnel to be active in professional association & educational programmes.

(vi) Encouraging the staff to maintain good health habits & keep health fit.

(vii) Keeping discipline & reports matters pertaining action to the appropriate authority.

(viii) Making surprise & regular rounds of the hospital wards & departments to ensure high standard of patient care through the day.

Administrative Duties in the Nursing Office:

1. Maintenance of records

a. Attendance

b. Assignments of duties

c. Confidential notes or reports

2. Correspondence

3. Leave & holidays

4. Issue of hospital certificates & transcripts

5. Shortage & condemnation

NURSING SUPERVISOR

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

b. General Nursing & Midwifery recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms.

c. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

TOTAL YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Should have experience as ward – in – charge.

JOB DESCRIPTION

® Identify the activities of the formalities as higher of institutional / community setting.

® Make arrangement to carry out identified activities.

® Always keeps in touch with the higher authorities what is being done / doing.

® Suggest measure to improve efficiency of health personnel / nursing personnel & efficiency of performance.

® Acts as a libon between higher authorities and subordinates interpreting the requirements of the authorities.

® Assist in selecting, orienting & training new staff & students.

® Build good inter personal relationship with others.

® Help nurses perform their job effectively when need.

® Arrange for their leave, day off & rotation plans.

® Appraises the nurses’ performance for guidance.

® Help & develop values system that would be beneficial to clients at all levels.

WARD – IN – CHARGE

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

b. General Nursing & Midwifery recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms.

c. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

TOTAL YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Should have experience as staff nurse or not less than 5 years.

JOB DESCRIPTION

1. Direct Patient care

® Ensures proper admission, discharge of patients

® Plans nursing care & makes patient assignments as per their nursing needs

® Assist in the direct care to patients as & when required.

® She sees that total health needs of the patients are met.

® Ensures safety, comfort& good personal hygiene of the patients.

® Assist in planning & administration of the therapeutic diet to the patients.

® Ensures that proper observation records of the patients are made & necessary information imparted to the concerned authorities.

® Takes rounds with staff.

® Assist patients & relatives to adjust in the hospital & its routine.

® Co – ordinates patient care with other departments.

2. Supervision & Administration

¨ Ensures safe & clean environment.

¨ Makes duty & work assignments.

¨ Indenting & procurement of ward equipments & supplies and keeps record.

¨ Does regular inventory checking of the ward.

¨ Assist in making ward requirements.

¨ Acts as a liaison officer between ward staff & hospital administration.

¨ Maintains good public relations in the ward.

¨ Ensures that ward statistics are regularly submitted.

¨ Maintains discipline among the personnel working in the Peadiatric ward.

¨ Deals appropriately with any situation that occurs in the ward & report to the concerned authorities.

¨ Reports about any medico - legal in the ward.

¨ Writes & submits confidential reports of the staff.

¨ Ensures that students get desired learning experience in the ward.

3. Educational function

ü Organizes orientation programmes for new staff.

ü Organizes formal & informal ward teaching, conducts bedside demonstrations etc.

ü Conducts ward meetings.

ü Gives incidental teaching to patients, relatives, staff nurses, domestic staff etc.

ü Helps in medical & nursing researches.

ü Encourages staff developmental programmes in the ward.

STAFF NURSE

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

b. General Nursing & Midwifery recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms.

c. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

JOB DESCRIPTION

Duties & Responsibilities:

General Functions:

® Carry out the procedures of admission & discharge of the patient.

® Makes bed for patients

® Maintains personal hygiene & comfort of the patient.

® Attends to the nutritional needs of the patient & feeds the helpless patient.

® Maintains clean & safe environment

® Implements & maintains ward policies & routines.

® Co – ordinates patient care with other team members.

® Takes rounds with doctors.

® Performs various technical tasks related to nursing care.

Ward Management:

¨ Helps the ward in charge sister to carry out the works in the ward.

¨ Maintains the general cleanliness of the ward & the sanitary annexure.

¨ Writes the diet register & supervises the supply of diet.

¨ Maintains the scheduled poisonous drug register.

¨ Maintains the records in the ward.

¨ Supervises the nursing care & other tasks carried out by the students.

Educational function:

ü Helps in orientation of new staff.

ü Teaches & guides the domestic staff for handling bed pan, urinals etc.

ü Carries out health teaching for individual or group of patients.

ü Extends co – operation & participates in clinical teaching.

ü Participates in in – service education programmes.

ü Plans & implements formal health education programme & teaching programme.

ü Assists & extends co – operation in medical & nursing research programme.

ü She attends to any other work assigned by the higher authorities.

PRINCIPAL /VICE PRINCIPAL – SCHOOL / COLLEGE OF NURSING

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

e. B.Sc Nursing recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms.

b. M. Sc Nursing or equivalent degree

c. Ph. D in Nursing or other equivalent doctoral degree (only for Principal College of Nursing)

d. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

TOTAL YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Teaching experience in school / college not less than 5 years.

JOB DESCRIPTION

Job Summary:

She is the administrative head of the school / college of nursing. Directly responsible to the Director of Medical Education / Director of Health & Family Welfare Services. Also responsible for implementation of curriculum for various courses and research activities.

Duties & Responsibilities:

1. Administration

® Planning

® Developing philosophy & objectives for educational programme.

® Identifies the present needs related to educational programme.

® Investigates, evaluates & secures resources.

® Formulates the plan of action.

® Selects & organizes learning experiences.

2. Organizing

® Determines the number of position & scope and responsibility of each faculty & staff.

® Analyses the job to be done in terms of needs of educational programme.

® Prepares the job description, indicate line of authority, responsibility in the relationship & channels of communication by means of organizational chart and other methods.

® Considers preparation, ability and interest personally in equating responsibility.

® Maintains a plan of work load among staff members.

® Provides an organizational framework for effective staff functioning such as meeting of the staff etc.

3. Directing

® Recommends appointment & promotion based on qualification & experience of the individual staff, scope of job & total staff composition.

® Subscribes & encourages development developing aspects with reference to welfare of staff and students.

® Directs activities of staff working under.

® Provides adequate orientation of staff members.

® Guides & encourages staff members in their job activities.

® Consistantly makes administrative decision based on established policies.

® Facilitates participation in community, professional & institutional activities by providing time opportunity for support for such participation.

® Creates involvement in designing educationally sound programme.

® Maintenance of attitude rightly acceptable to staff & learners.

® Provides for utilization in the development of total programme & encourages their contribution.

® Provides freedom for staff to develop active training course within the framework of curriculum.

® Promotes staff participation in research.

® Procure & maintains physical facilities which are of a standard.

4. Co – ordinating

® Co – ordinates activities relating to the programme such as regular meetings, time schedule maintaining effective communication etc.

® Initiates ways of co – operation.

® Interprets nursing education to other related disciplines & to public.

5. Controlling

® Provides for continuous follow – up & revision of education programme.

® Maintains recognition of the educational programme by accrediting bodies, University, State Nursing Councils, INC etc.

® Maintains a comprehensive system of records.

® Prepares periodic report which reviews the progress & producing of the entire programme & presents plans for its continuous development.

® Prepares, secure approval of and administrates the budget.

6. Instruction (Teaching)

® Plans for participating in educational programme for further development.

® Recognizes the needs for continuing education for self and staff & provides stimulation of opportunities for such development.

® Participates as a teacher in the educational programme.

7. Guiding

® Provides for systematic guidance programme for staff members & students.

® Encourages studies, research & writing for publication.

® Provides & maintains a programme for recruitment, selection and promotion of students.

PROFFESSOR/ ASSISTANT PROFFESSOR

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

b. B.Sc Nursing recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms.

c. M. Sc Nursing or equivalent degree

d. Ph. D in Nursing or other equivalent doctoral degree (only for Principal College of Nursing)

e. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

TOTAL YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Teaching experience in school / college not less than 5 years.

JOB DESCRIPTION

Job Summary:

The professor is overall in charge of the department and there by responsible for the administration, teaching activity and guidance of that particular department.

Duties & Responsibilities:

1. Administration

® Participates in determination of educational purposes & policies.

® Contributes to the development & implementation of the philosophy & purposes of the total educational programmes.

® Utilizes opportunities through group action to initiate improvement of the educational programme.

® Interprets educational philosophy & policy to others.

® Direct the activities of staff working in the department.

2. Instruction

® Identifying the needs of the learners.

® Identifies the need of the need of the learners in terms of objectives of the programme by utilizing records of previous experiences, personal interviews, tests and observations.

® Assists learners in identifying their needs.

® Develops plan for learning experiences.

® Participates in the formulation & implementation of the philosophy & objectives of the programme.

® Selects & organizes learning experiences which are in accordance with these objectives.

® Participates in the continuous development & evaluation of the curriculum.

® Plans within the educational unit, with the nursing services & allied groups.

® Ascertains, selects & organizes facilities, equipment & materials necessary for learning.

3. Helping learners to acquire desirable attitudes, knowledge and skills

® Seeks to create a climate conductive to learning.

® Assists learners in using problem – solving techniques.

® Uses varied & appropriate teaching methods effectively.

® Uses incidental & planned opportunities for teaching.

® Encourages learners to assume increasing responsibility for own development.

4. Evaluating learner’s progress

® Recognizes individual differences in appraising the learners’ progress.

® Uses appropriate devices for evaluation.

® Measures & describes quality of performance objectively.

® Helps learner for self – evaluation.

® Participates in staff evaluation of learners’ progress.

5. Recording & reporting

® Maintains & uses adequate & accurate records.

® Prepare & channels clear & concise reports.

® Shares information about learners’ needs & achievement with others concerned with instruction & guidance.

® Participates in the formulation & maintenance of comprehensive record system.

6. Investigating ways of improving teaching

® Measures effectiveness of the instruction by use of the appropriate devices.

® Increases knowledge & skill in own curriculum area.

® Analyses & evaluates resource material.

® Devices teaching methods appropriate to objectives & content.

7. Guidance

® Co – 0perating in guidance programme.

® Sharing planning, developing & using guidance programme.

® Gives guidance within own field of competence.

® Helps the learner with special problems to seek & use additional help as indicated.

8. Councelling

® Helps the learner to grow in self – understanding.

® Promotes continuous growth & development towards maturity.

® Assists in selection & promotion of learners.

® Participate in development of criteria for selection & promotion of learners.

9. Research

® Initiates & participates in studies for the improvement of educational programmes.

® Identifies problems in which research is indicated / potentially desirable.

® Continues to develop competence in problem – solving process.

® Co – operates in & initiates group activities in development & evaluation of studies.

® Utilizes findings of research.

® Makes data available concerning learners & concerning methods of teaching & evaluation.

LECTURER

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

b. B.Sc Nursing (Post – Certificate) recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms

c. M. Sc Nursing or M.N or equivalent degree recognized by Indian Nursing Council.

d. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

TOTAL YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Experience as a staff nurse not less than 5 years in a Hospital.

JOB DESCRIPTION

Job Summary:

She usually works under the direction of the professor / HOD of the particular department of speciality and assists him / her in administration, instruction and guidance & councelling activities.

Duties & Responsibilities:

1. Instruction

® Identifies the needs of the learners in terms of the programme by utilizing the records of previous experience, personal interviews, test and observation.

® Assists the learners in identifying their needs.

® Participates in formulation & implementation of the philosophies & objectives of the post.

® Selects & organizes learning experiences which are in accordance with these objectives.

® Assist the learners in using problem – solving process.

® Measures & describes quality of performance objectively.

® Maintains & uses adequate and accurate records.

® Prepares clear & concise reports.

® Shares information about learners’ needs & achievements with others concerned.

® Measures effectiveness of instruction by use of appropriate devices.

® Increases knowledge & skill in own curriculum area.

® Devices teaching methods appropriate to objectives & content.

2. Guidance & Councelling

® Gives guidance within own field of competence.

® Helps the learner to grow in self understanding.

3. Research

® Assist in initiating & participating in studies for the improvement of educational programme.

® Identifies problem in which research is indicated / potentially desirable.

® Makes a data available concerning learners & concerning methods of teaching and evaluation.

® Continues to develop competence in problem – solving process.

® Co – operates in & initiates group activity in development & evaluation of studies.

® Utilizes the findings of research.

CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

b. B.Sc Nursing (Post – Certificate) recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms

c. M. Sc Nursing or equivalent degree, preferred.

d. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

TOTAL YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

Experience as a staff nurse not less than 5 years in a Hospital.

JOB DESCRIPTION

Job Summary:

She is teacher in School of nursing, responsible to the Principal / vice principal of School of Nursing & responsible for planning and implementation of teaching programme & assist in administration of School of Nursing.

Duties & Responsibilities:

1. Academic function

® Responsible for planning and implementation of teaching programme.

® Teaching subjects in the curriculum.

® Overall supervision of the clinical teaching programme of subjects in the hospital / community health setting.

® Maintain class room equipments, supplies & teaching aids.

® Conduct test for (theory & practical) & evaluation of students’ assignment and performances.

® Preparing teaching materials and implementing it under the guidance of other teachers.

® Helping students with extra – curricular activities.

2. Administration & Evaluation

® Assisting in the administration of school of nursing.

® Supervision of student health, welfare and security.

® Assisting the selection of students & administration.

® Assisting in examination, tests (sessionals & terminals)

® Supervision of living condition of students in the hostel.

® Assist in teaching of other categories of personnel in the hospital & community.

® Assisting in the procurement of school supplies & equipment.

® Assisting in the library work.

® Assisting in maintaining school records.

® Planning & implementation and evaluation of specification courses.

® Shall carry out any other duties assigned by the Principal / Head of the Department in the interest of education.

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE OR DISTRICT PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE

QUALIFICATION:

a. General: Pre – University course or 10 + 2 or equivalent

b. General Nursing & Midwifery recognized by Indian Nursing Council according to INC norms.

c. B.Sc Nursing recognized by Indian Nursing Council / Basic B. Sc Nursing from a recognized University according to INC norms / Certificate in Public Health Nursing from any recognized institution.

d. Registration: Registration with the State Nursing Council / INC.

JOB DESCRIPTION

Job Summary:

Her area of work is the entire district. She is attached to District Health Office. And directly responsible to District Health Officer (DHO)and has relegated responsibility for all nursing personnel in the District public health field. In technical matters, she is guided by the Deputy / Assistant Director of Health Services (Nursing) at Directorate level.

Duties & Responsibilities:

1. General

® To organize, direct & develop all the community health nursing & midwifery services in the district.

® Will take part in all relevant discussions of health services in the district.

® Will interpret the needs of the nursing & midwifery services to the DHO and Zilla Parishad

2. Administrative

® She is responsible for the implementation of policies and programmes relating to nursing & midwifery services in the district.

® Will make recommendations to the DHO regarding the selection, appointment, leave, transfers, further education and possible promotion of nursing staff.

® Responsible for intending of supplies and equipment for her section, and also taking part in budgetary planning.

® Will evaluate all reports from nursing staff in district, sent to DHO office.

® Will submit monthly and annual reports on the work done by her to the DHO.

3. Supervisory

She will aim to promote harmony & efficiency within the health team to improve the quality of work.

4. Educational

She will initiate & assist with

® In – service educational programmes

® Orientation training programmes

® Dais’ training programmes

® Health worker (female) training programmes

® Training student nurses in rural field health centers.

CONCLUSION

ü In all the organizations, the parts have to work in co – ordination with each other to produce effective results. In ward management of any hospital, there is a need for proper co – ordination of work in each ward / unit.

ü The managerial & supervisory functions are divided among the various staff members. Thus the role of the nurse in the hospital is of at most importance. Nursing has responses to the demands imposed by the changes & will continue to respond in order to accomplish the goals of the profession.

ü As health services increase the need for nursing services is also increases and more & more person become involved in providing the services.

REFERENCES

1. Basavanthappa. B. T., Nursing Administration, Job Description of Nursing Personnel, 1^st edition, 2008, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, Pp. 541 – 579.

2. Goel S. L, Kumar S., Hospital Supportive Services: Hospital Administration in the 21^st Century Volume 2, 1^st edition, 2004, Job Description, Deep & Deep Publications PVT. LTD., New Delhi, Pp. 67 – 79.

3. Kunders G. D, Hospital Facilities Planning & Management Responsibilities of Nurses, 2^nd edition, 2004, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., Pp. 173 – 175.

4. Park. K, Essentials of Community Health Nursing, The District Public Health Nurse, 3^rd edition, 2000, M/s Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers, Jabalpur, Page. 316

5. Sr. Nancy, Stephanie’s Principles & Practice of Nursing Volume 2 Senior Nursing Procedure, Job Description, 4^th edition, N.R Brothers, Indore, Pp. 582 – 583.

6. Sharma S. K, Sharma Yashpal, Hand Book of Hospital Administration, Nursing Services & Ward Management, 1^st edition, 2003, Durga Printers, 4 – Gowshala Complex, Pp. 150 – 160.

7. Tabish Amin Syed, Hospitals & Nursing Homes Planning, Organization Structure, 1^st edition, 2003, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi, Page. 844.

8. http://www.businessknowhow.com/manage/jobdesc.htm

9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_description

10. http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.vacancy_wwf_comm-mgr.pdf

11. http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:QKtqlWU8Hx8J:www.wmin.ac.uk/docs/HR_Standard%2520JD%25202006.doc+job+description+format&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in

12. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/job+description